The periodic table is basically a list of all the chemical elements that have been discovered, in order of their atomic number (that is the number of protons in the nucleus of the atom)
It is also organised so that elements with similar properties can be found close to each other, eg one of the columns contains all the noble gases like Neon, Xenon and Krypton (sadly, not the superman stuff).
It was first put together by a scientist called Dimitri Mendeleev, and people have added new elements to it when they have been discovered.
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